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This paper intend a study between Just-in-Time(JIT) production system and Economic Order Quantity(EOQ) stock control model based on unit total cost concept. The conventional EOQ model ignores the effects of damage rate and setup time on lot-size. New EOQ and unit total cost formula are developed by taking into account the effects of the above mentioned factors. EOQ lot-size could be equal to JIT lot-size under some conditions. The JIT system which has no damage cost is compared to the EOQ model which has damage cost by the proposed formula. The conclusion shows that JIT lot-size is better than EOQ lot-size only within some range.

As Activity - based costing model moved into the early 1990s, some companies wanted to apply this system. After the applying the activity - based costing system, other systems that applied in the companies must be with together it. Activity - based management model has developed. With activity -based management model activity management understanding give answer to the companies’ questions that are related to operational management and performance management. As a part of activity - based management, the activity - based budgeting system has developed last years. In this article, the creating of activity - based budgeting system and necessary steps viewed. In the creating the activity - based budgeting model, two main parts organized: creating the activity - based budgeting model and application and modification of this model for gaining the expected results. In addition to, being part of a costing system, activity - based budgeting is part and parcel of an overall strategic planning process for achieving an organization’s goals. As all budgeting systems, the objective of activity -based budgeting system is to forecast an organization’s needs. In addition to forecasting needs, activity - based budgeting system must define the necessary steps for defining and achieving the goals. After the forecasting step, the relations between the cost objects, activities and resources determined. At first, relation between the cost object and activities defined. In this relation, cost objects consume activities. An activity’s consumption by cost object is measured with consumption rate. Like this, activities consume resources. An resource’s consumption by activity is measured with consumption rate. This consumption relations is reverse of activity -based costing model. Activity - based budgeting model starts with at the bottom of the basic activity based costing model. But, activity based costing model starts with at top. In activity based budgeting model, after the determining the demands for product/services, process goes from bottom to up. This process show the consumption relations. In addition to , activity based budgeting model, the data is expressed in operational or quantitative terms. This quantitative format is started demanding cost objects and goes through to activities and resources. In the activity - based budgeting model, resources must be determined according to consumption and operational usage rates. System established getting establishing the operational usage. If the operational balance is not established, required modifications must do. If the operational balance is not established, finance balance never established. Because of this, at both operational and financial level required modification must do until to getting balance. Otherwise, budgeting will be a time-consuming function for companies. Activity - based budgeting is a part of business planning system. In the companies that apply the activity - based budgeting system, budgeting process and understanding is well-growed with operational and financial balance understanding. As a result, companies must be ready for future’s unknown conditions. For this companies must have well - organized budgeting and planning systems like activity - based budgeting system.

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[n the 1980s, strategic management understanding has been developed. With this understanding business have looked costing and pricing objects from different viewpoint. Especially, cost has been a new gun for business in competitive environment. In companies that product new and different products cost determination has came big problem. Except for direct sources like material and labor, overhead took an importance in product costs. Especially,in classical product costing systems overhead definition and allocation did not give answer to new developments. Because of this, in 1990s a new tehnique developed : Activity - Based Costing . In activity - based costing model there are two dimensions. First, cost allocation dimension In this cost allocation dimension , cost objet like product, service and customer costs has determineted with activity - based. With this tehnique, product cost determination follow two - stage model. At first, resorces’ costs allocate to activities with resorces drivers. The first - stage allocation is used to evaluated the performance of manger responsible for cost pool. And at second, activities’ costs allocate to cost object with activity driver. The second - stage is used to cost products. In first stage must use resorce driver for resorce costs allocation. And, in second stage, must activity driver for product costing. Activity - based costing systems focus on the activities performed to products in the manufacturing process. A manufacturing activity - based costing system identifies and classifies the mahor activities of a facility’s production process in to one of following five categories: unit - level activities , hatch - level activities, product-level activities, facility - level activities and customer - level activities. Activity -based costing is viewed as a model of how an organization’s resoruces are consumed, not as a model of organizational spending. Activity - based costing help managers estimate changes in resources that will be consumed as a consequence of particular decisions. The decisions that took will shape company’s strategic plans. For designing activity-based costing system, the first step will be aggregating activities. After then, drivers must be selected. There are two different drivers: resorce drivers and activity drivers. The horizontal dimension of activity-based costing contains the process view, it provides information about the wor done in an activity and the relationship of this work to other activities. The process dimension of activity - based costing model includes has three parts. Cost drivers, activities and performance measurures. Cost drivers are factors that affects the costs of an activity. Cost drivers give information about that why an activity is performed. Performance measures play role as a indicators. These are either financial or non - financial. Performance measures tell how well an activity is performed. For desining an activity - based costing system many steps must be completed. In activity -based costing system both cost assignment dimension and process dimension must be well designed. In these dimensions any parts must be defined. Especially, activities must be, firstly, defined and aggregated. Activity - based costing system understanding will give managers to different point of view. Because of many advantages, many companies has started to use activity - based costing for last ten years.

The notion of “human rights” refers to the compilation of all the rights of an individual that he/she possess for just being a human since his/her birth and that can not bu intervered by either government or other individuals. Human rights are accepted as a kind of natural right. They are priority considered to be originated from natural law. it is observed that in addition t individual freedom”, “political rights” and “social and economical rights”, a new category of rights has evolved as third generation rights so-called “new human rights” or “solidarity rights”.

The financial assets account are concerned with effects that depends on conjunction with the treasury-liquidated note and also manipulates the procedures of government sector that uses an equilibrium distribution of its portfolio of assets between domestic and foreign assets. In this period, as total assets grow the allocation of the financial assets to portfolios expressly among domestic assets will depend on the current interest rate’s levels So, that part of the money supply that is held as reserves at the Central Bank is included in assets and the equilibrium being studied is one in which government currency is dominated in rate of return by other assets :n the process of the budgets’s monetization.

According to its Constituent Treaty, Western European Union (WEU) can undertake mission on the conflicts that can exist at the international system. But, these missions that can be undertaken by WEU should be suitable with the relavant arrangements of the UN Constituent Treaty. In accordance with the arrangements of the Constituent Treaty, WEU had taken various functions at some international conflicts. In universal and regional conflicts; the arrangements of the WEU’s Constituent Treaty regarding the missions that can be undertaken by WEU are put into process, first in 1987. On this issue, in accordance with the UN Constituent Treaty, member states of the WEU, have applied the third paragraph of the 8Ul Article of the WEU Constituent Treaty first time for cleaning the miles where they laid at the Basra Gulf during the lran-Iraq war. Since this first experience, WEU had undertaken some missions on providing the peace and international security, by its capacity on Gulf Crisis, (ex)-Yugoslavia civil war and Albenian interior conflicts. But, at these functions, WEU has undertaken the role of providing coordination between the member states. The insufficiency of military capacity and the lack of organization of WEU had been an obstacle for WEU to be active.

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The purpose of this paper is to survey the theoretical literature on the impact of exchange rate volatility on trade flows. The general conclusion from the literature is that the debate is not over yet. The ambiguity of the impact of exchange rate uncertainty still exits. At the theoretical level, researchers have been able to construct models that show how exchange rate uncertainty may apply a positive or negative impact on trade. They also argued that the problem is more an empirical issue.

In recent growth economics, world wide economic growth and cross country income differences are explained by technological change. However, economist are having serious difficulties in explaining what causes technological change. This is one of the puzzles in growth theory. This paper searches for an answer for this question from Adam Smith’s division of labor. The paper showed that there are different interpretations of Smith’s division of labor. It is division of labor or capital accumulation that leads to economics growth. In either way, Smith’s work gives important clues in solving the big question of growth economies. Smith’s division of labor may help to understand invention, technological change, and economic growth.

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